These include HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, Treponema pallidum ( syphilis) and, where relevant, other infections that pose a risk to the safety of the blood supply, such as Trypanosoma cruzi ( Chagas disease) and Plasmodium species ( malaria). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that all donated blood be tested for transfusion-transmissible infections.Red cells, plasma and platelets can also be donated individually via a more complex process called apheresis. Collected blood is then separated into blood components by centrifugation: red blood cells, plasma, platelets, albumin protein, clotting factor concentrates, cryoprecipitate, fibrinogen concentrate, and immunoglobulins ( antibodies). Processing and testing Ī bag containing one unit of fresh frozen plasmaĭonated blood is usually subjected to processing after it is collected, to make it suitable for use in specific patient populations. It is unclear whether applying alcohol swab alone or alcohol swab followed by antiseptic is able to reduce contamination of donor's blood. In developing countries, the donor is sometimes specifically recruited by or for the recipient, typically a family member, and the donation occurs immediately before the transfusion. This enables management and investigation of any suspected transfusion related disease transmission or transfusion reaction. In developed countries, donations are usually anonymous to the recipient, but products in a blood bank are always individually traceable through the whole cycle of donation, testing, separation into components, storage, and administration to the recipient. Blood is most commonly donated as whole blood obtained intravenously and mixed with an anticoagulant. Using another's blood must first start with donation of blood. The latter is much more common than the former. The source of blood to be transfused can either be the potential recipient ( autologous transfusion), or someone else ( allogeneic or homologous transfusion). Other blood products are given where appropriate, e.g., to treat clotting deficiencies. In cases where patients have low levels of hemoglobin due to iron deficiency, but are cardiovascularly stable, parenteral iron is a preferred option based on both efficacy and safety. One may consider transfusion for people with symptoms of cardiovascular disease such as chest pain or shortness of breath. The advisory caution to use blood transfusion only with more severe anemia is in part due to evidence that outcomes are worsened if larger amounts are given. Patients with poor oxygen saturation may need more blood. The administration of a single unit of blood is the standard for hospitalized people who are not bleeding, with this treatment followed with re-assessment and consideration of symptoms and hemoglobin concentration. Because each unit of blood given carries risks, a trigger level lower than that, at 70 to 80g/L, is now usually used, as it has been shown to have better patient outcomes. Historically, red blood cell transfusion was considered when the hemoglobin level fell below 100g/L or hematocrit fell below 30%. Because of this scientific misunderstanding, many patients died because of incompatible blood transferred to them.Īs the person receives their blood transfusion, the bag slowly empties, leaving behind blood that has clotted before it could be administered. Before these components were known, doctors believed that blood was homogeneous. Platelets are involved in blood clotting, preventing the body from bleeding. Plasma is the "yellowish" liquid part of blood, which acts as a buffer, and contains proteins and important substances needed for the body's overall health. White blood cells are not commonly used during transfusion, but they are part of the immune system, and also fight infections. Red blood cells (RBC) contain hemoglobin, and supply the cells of the body with oxygen. Early transfusions used whole blood, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, clotting factors and platelets. Transfusions are used for various medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood. Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood products into a person's circulation intravenously.
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